Palmitoylethanolamide is a natural pain killer ingredient in the fatty
acid amide category and synthesized within your own body, we call it
endogenous. It is widely used in sports nutrition supplements and joint
health formulas worldwide, especially in the United States, Australia,
UK, Canada and EU countries like the Netherlands, Belgium, and Italy.
Palmitoylethanolamide is a pretty long word, if it is your first time to
come across it, you may wonder how to memorize or pronounce it. Well,
palmitoylethanolamide is a word consists of three words:
Palmitoylethanolamide powder
In our daily life, PEA (the first letter of each of the three words) is
to refer to palmitoylethanolamide for short. However, PEA itself is a
plant, and PEA protein is also applied in bodybuilding supplements as a
vegetarian source of protein content. Don’t get them wrong.
PEA has been demonstrated to bind to a receptor in the cell-nucleus (a
nuclear receptor) and exerts a great variety of biological functions
related to chronic pain and inflammation.
The IUPAC name of PEA is N-(2-Hydroxyethyl) hexadecanamide. Raw
Palmitoylethanolamide is usually in the powder form, with molecule
formula and weight as C18H37NO2 and 299.49 respectively. 544-31-0 is
Palmitoylethanolamide’s CAS Registry Number and unique chemical
identity.
Palmitoylethanolamide is practically insoluble in water and poorly
soluble in most other aqueous solvents. Therefore, you may find that
almost 99% fished dosage formulations of palmitoylethanolamide are in
capsules or soft gels.
Palmitoylethanolamide VS Phenylethylamine
In fact, they are two completely different ingredients. No relationship
is between them. Phenylethylamine or Phenylethylamine HCl is most known
as a mood and weight loss ingredient in many sports nutrition. While
Palmitoylethanolamide is popularly known as a painkiller. The connection
is that both compounds are abbreviated as PEA, and called by PEA
powder. So don’t get them wrong.
Palmitoylethanolamide vs anandamide
Many of our clients who buy bulk Palmitoylethanolamide powder are also
interested in Bulk anandamide powder and anandamide oil from us.
Therefore, what’s the relation between them?Both palmitoylethanolamide
and anandamide are endogenous fatty acid amide in our human bodies.
According to Wikipedia, PEA and related compounds such as anandamide
seem to have synergistic effects in models of pain and
analgesia.Gas-chromatography/mass-spectrometry measurements indicate
that the levels of anandamide and PEA in the skin are enough to cause a
tonic activation of local cannabinoid receptors.
In one study, the data shows that anandamide and PEA activate
pharmacologically distinct receptors and that these two substances can
be produced simultaneously in tissues. When injected together in equal
amounts, anandamide and PEA inhibited the early phase of formalin-evoked
pain behavior with a potency that was approximately 100-fold greater
than each of the compounds separately (Fig. 3a). A similar synergistic
potentiation occurred in the late phase, on which anandamide had no
effect when given alone (Figs 1a and 3b). Earlier administration of
either CB1 or CB2 antagonists entirely blocked the response.
Axon regeneration after injury in the central nervous system is hampered
in part because if an age-dependent decline in the intrinsic axon
growth potential, and one of the strategies to stimulate axon growth in
injured neurons involves pharmacological manipulation of implicated
signaling pathways.
Compound 7P
As report from Journal of medicinal chemistry shows compound 7p which
promotes neurite outgrowth of cultured primary neurons derived from the
hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and retina. in an animal model of optic
nerve injury, compound 7p was shown to induce growth of gap-43 positive
axons, indicating that the in vitro neurite outgrowth activity of
compound 7p translates into stimulation of axon regeneration in vivo.
further optimization of compound 7p and elucidation of the mechanisms by
which it elicits axon regeneration in vivo will provide a rational
basis for future efforts to enhance treatment strategies.
Compound 7P basic information:
Name: Compound 7P
CAS No.:1890208-58-8
Chemical name:
2-(N-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4-methylphenylsulfonamido)-N-(4-methoxypyridin-3-yl)acetamide
2-[(2-Methoxyphenyl)[4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl]amino]-N-(4-methoxy-3-pyridinyl)acetamide
Molecular Formula: C22H23N3O5S
Molecular Weight: 441.508
Chemical Structure:
Raw Compound 7P powder which promotes neurite outgrowth of cultured
primary neurons derived from the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and
retina. in an animal model of optic nerve injury, Raw Compound 7P powder
was shown to induce growth of gap-43 positive axons, indicating that
the in vitro neurite outgrowth activity of Raw Compound 7P powder
translates into stimulation of axon regeneration in vivo.
Compound 7P powder
Raw Compound 7P powder which promotes neurite outgrowth of cultured
primary neurons derived from the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and
retina.
In an animal model of optic nerve injury, Raw Compound 7P was shown to
induce growth of gap-43 positive axons, indicating that the in vitro
neurite outgrowth activity of Raw Compound 7P translates into
stimulation of axon regeneration in vivo.
Compound 7p was developed as one in series of compounds with the aim of
identifying dual-acting thromboxane receptor antagonist/synthase
inhibitors .
In fact compound 7p shows selectivity for prostaglandin I2 synthase (PTGIS , CYP8A1) over thromboxane synthase (CYP5A1) .
Raw Compound 7P (2-[(2-methoxyphenyl)[(4-methyl phenyl) sulfonyl]
amino]-N-(4-methoxy-3-pyridinyl) acetamide) powder which promotes
neurite outgrowth of cultured primary neurons derived from the
hippocampus, cerebral cortex, and retina. in an animal model of optic
nerve injury, Raw Compound 7P powder was shown to induce growth of
gap-43 positive axons, indicating that the in vitro neurite outgrowth
activity of Raw Compound 7P powder translates into stimulation of axon
regeneration in vivo.further optimization of Raw Compound 7P powder and
elucidation of the mechanisms by which it elicits axon regeneration in
vivo will provide a rational basis for future efforts to enhance
treatment strategies.
Compound 7p (2-[(2-methoxyphenyl)[(4-methyl phenyl) sulfonyl]
amino]-N-(4-methoxy-3-pyridinyl) acetamide) showed the highest activity
against cervical cancer cells. In a nude mouse xenograft model
inoculated with HeLa cells, 7p showed dose-dependent inhibition of
cervical tumour growth. Histopathological examination of excised
tumour-bearing tissues showed that 7p improved the microstructure in a
dose-dependent manner. Compound 7p also increased the proportions of
HeLa cells in G0/G1 and S-phase and significantly decreased that of
G2/M-phase. The effects of 7p on C-caspase-3, C-caspase-9, Bcl-2 and Bax
expression in HeLa cells were also determined.
This was the first ever study to give this novel compound to humans over
a period of time,” said study senior author Professor Doug Seals, from
the University of Colorado Boulder.
“We found that it is well tolerated and appears to activate some of the
same key biological pathways that calorie restriction does.”For the
study, the researchers included 24 lean and healthy men and women ages
55 to 79 from the Boulder area.
Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride
Half were given a placebo for six weeks, then took a 500 mg twice-daily
dose of NR chloride. The other half took NR for the first six weeks,
followed by placebo.The team took blood samples and other physiological
measurements at the end of each treatment period. Participants reported
no serious adverse effects.The authors found that 1,000 mg daily of NR
boosted levels of another compound called nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide (NAD+) by 60%.
NAD+ is required for activation of enzymes called sirtuins, which are
largely credited with the beneficial effects of calorie restriction.
It’s involved in a host of metabolic actions throughout the body, but it
tends to decline with age.
“The idea is that by supplementing older adults with NR, we are not only
restoring something that is lost with aging (NAD+), but we could
potentially be ramping up the activity of enzymes responsible for
helping protect our bodies from stress,” said first author Dr.
Christopher Martens, also from the University of Colorado Boulder.
The scientists also found that in 13 participants with elevated blood
pressure or stage 1 hypertension (120-139/80-89 mmHg), systolic blood
pressure was about 10 points lower after supplementation. A drop of that
magnitude could translate to a 25-% reduction in heart attack risk.
“If this magnitude of systolic blood pressure reduction with NR
supplementation is confirmed in a larger clinical trial, such an effect
could have broad biomedical implications,” they said.“Ultimately, such
caloric restriction-mimicking compounds could provide an additional
option — alongside the dietary changes and exercise currently
recommended — for people whose blood pressure is not yet high enough to
warrant medication but who are still at risk for a heart attack.”
“The study was small and ‘pilot in nature.’ We are not able to make any
definitive claims that this compound is safe or going to be effective
for specific segments of the population,” Dr. Martens said.
Researchers have indicated that when people consume a natural dietary
supplement called nicotinamide riboside (NR) daily, it mimics caloric
restriction (CR), kick-starting the same key chemical pathways
responsible for its health benefits.Supplementation also tends to
improve blood pressure and arterial health, particularly in those with
mild hypertension, the study found.
Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride powder
“This was the first ever study to give this novel compound to humans
over a period of time,” said senior author Doug Seals, a Professor and
researcher in the Department of Integrative Physiology at the University
of Colorado Boulder. “We found that it is well tolerated and appears to
activate some of the same key biological pathways that calorie
restriction does.”Dr Seal and lead author Chris Martens included 24 lean
and healthy men and women ages 55 to 79 from the Boulder area.Half were
given a placebo for six weeks, then took a 500 mg twice-daily dose of
nicotinamide riboside (NR) chloride (NIAGEN). The other half took NR for
the first six weeks, followed by placebo.The researchers took blood
samples and other physiological measurements at the end of each
treatment period. Participants reported no serious adverse effects.
The researchers found that 1,000 mg daily of NR boosted levels of
another compound called nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) by 60
percent. NAD+ is required for activation of enzymes called sirtuins,
which are largely credited with the beneficial effects of calorie
restriction. It’s involved in a host of metabolic actions throughout the
body, but it tends to decline with age.
Research suggests that as an evolutionary survival mechanism, the body
conserves NAD+ when subjected to calorie restriction. But only recently
have scientists begun to explore the idea of supplementing with
so-called “NAD+-precursors” like NR to promote healthy ageing.“The idea
is that by supplementing older adults with NR, we are not only restoring
something that is lost with ageing (NAD+), but we could potentially be
ramping up the activity of enzymes responsible for helping protect our
bodies from stress,” Martens said.
The new study also found that in 13 participants with elevated blood
pressure or stage 1 hypertension (120-139/80-89 mmHg), systolic blood
pressure was about 10 points lower after supplementation. A drop of that
magnitude could translate to a 25 percent reduction in heart attack
risk.“If this magnitude of systolic blood pressure reduction with NR
supplementation is confirmed in a larger clinical trial, such an effect
could have broad biomedical implications,” the authors note.
Ultimately, the authors say, such CR-mimicking compounds could provide
an additional option–alongside the dietary changes and exercise
currently recommended–for people whose blood pressure is not yet high
enough to warrant medication but who are still at risk for a heart
attack.
“We are not able to make any definitive claims that this compound is
safe or going to be effective for specific segments of the population,”
said Dr Martens, now an Assistant Professor at the University of
Delaware. “What this paper provides us with is a really good stepping
stone for future work.”
Dr Martens and Dr Seal have applied for a grant to conduct a larger
clinical trial looking specifically at the impact of NR supplementation
on blood pressure and arterial health. Dr Martens is also launching a
separate trial looking at the impact NR has on older adults with mild
cognitive impairment, a precursor to Alzheimer’s disease.
Nefiracetam (chemical name
N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)acetamide) is one of the
more modern racetams and is purported to have much wider effects on
brain activities than the first generation of racetams, and is
considerably more potent. Unlike piracetam, it is fat soluble.
Nefiracetam powder
Due to its wide ranging uses, nefiracetamis considered to be a second
generation racetam. Due to its far ranging effects and possible uses,
like pramiracetam it has become a popular supplement for sufferers of
Alzheimer's disease and dementia.
The technical term for smart drugs is nootropics, which are a group of
health supplements which are purported to increase cognitive ability,
intelligence, memory, and general brain function.
As an analogue to piracetam, it is considered that nefiracetam is
virtually non-toxic, non addictive, has very few side effects, and
enhances verbal memory. Nonetheless, unlike piracetam there have been
fewer clinical trials and research into the affects of nefiracetam,
however it is widely considered to be considerably more potent than
piracetam, and users of nefiracetam generally report that it improves
memory, alertness, and cognitive function.
Several studies have shown that unlike the first generation of racetams
(piracetam, oxiracetam, and aniracetam), nefiracetam also has a positive
effect on mood, and acts as an antidepressent. It also stimulates the
AMPA receptors in the brain. Substances which affect the brains AMPA
receptors are known as Ampakines, and these substances have been shown
to greatly increase attention span, learning ability, altertness, and
general cognitive functions.
As with all of our racetams, nefiracetam is very popular among students,
sufferers of Alzheimer's and dementia, those recovering from
alcoholism, and life extension enthusiasts.
As with most all racetams, nefiracetam should be taken with a choline
source such as choline bitartrate. It is also often ‘stacked’ with other
racetams as well as with supplements such as GABA, and L-Tyrosine, and
L-Phenylananine.
9-Me-BC powder is a methylated derivative of β-carboline with the
molecular formula C12H10N2. It may be prepared by preforming the
Eschweiler–Clarke reaction on freebase β-carboline (norharmane).
beta carboline powder
In vitro studies with dopaminergic neuron cell cultures demonstrated
increased expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and associated
transcription factors, increased neurite outgrowth, regeneration of
neurons after chronic rotenone administration, and reduced expression of
inflammatory cytokines. In studies of primary mesencephalic
dopaminergic neuron cell cultures, the substance increased the number of
differentiated dopaminergic neurons and produced higher levels of
transcription factors associated with dopaminergic differentiation.[2]
9-Me-BC also inhibited the oxidation of the neurotoxin precursor MPTP to
the dopaminergic neurotoxin MPP+ in vitro.
Rodent studies in vivo demonstrated elevated hippocampal dopamine
levels, improved spatial learning performance in a radial maze test, and
increased dendrite outgrowth in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus,
as well as restoration of the number of tyrosine hydroxylase expressing
neurons in the left striatum after an injection of MPP+ had reduced the
number of such cells by 50% in an animal model of Parkinsonism.
β-Carbolines (BCs) belong to the heterogenous family of carbolines,
which have been found exogenously, that is, in various fruits, meats,
tobacco smoke, alcohol and coffee, but also endogenously, that is,
blood, brain and CSF. These exogenous and endogenous BCs and some of
their metabolites can exert neurotoxic effects, however, an unexpected
stimulatory effect of 9-methyl-β-carboline (9-me-BC) on dopaminergic
neurons in primary mesencephalic cultures was recently discovered. The
aim of the present study was to extend our knowledge on the stimulatory
effects of 9-me-BC and to test the hypothesis that 9-me-BC may act as a
cognitive enhancer. We found that 10 days (but not 5 days) of
pharmacological treatment with 9-me-BC (i) improves spatial learning in
the radial maze, (ii) elevates dopamine levels in the hippocampal
formation, and (iii) results after 10 days of treatment in elongated,
more complex dendritic trees and higher spine numbers on granule neurons
in the dentate gyrus of 9-me-BC-treated rats. Our results demonstrate
that beyond its neuroprotective/neurorestorative and anti-inflammatory
effects, 9-me-BC acts as a cognitive enhancer in a hippocampus-dependent
task, and that the behavioral effects may be associated with a
stimulatory impact on hippocampal dopamine levels and dendritic and
synaptic proliferation.
We all at one point find ourselves working through the night shift,
beating strict deadlines, or even burning the midnight oil for the sake
of a test. So, what is the first thing that comes to your mind when
thinking about any of these tasks? I bet you thought about a cup of hot
concentrated coffee or some energizing drink.Well, nootropics are not
your typical cup of caffeine. They do more than stimulating your brain,
stirring up insomnia, and causing annoying jitters.
oxiracetam buy
A single dose is enough to increase your intellect, power up your
cranial capacity, and improve your learning ability. This fact seems too
good to be true, right? Hold your horses because there are several
successful clinical trials to it back up. After all, medical doctors
discovered the potency of racetams and gave it a go when managing
patients with dementia, ADHD, and Alzheimer’s.
Are you looking to go beyond your limits? Before you swallow this
limitless pill, let’s find out if the drug is worth it.Racetams are
synthetic compounds belonging to the Nootropic Family. The group
comprises of over 15 different chemicals. They all feature two
pyrrolidone nucleus with oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen molecules.
Although they share a chemical backbone, each racetam has a parallel
function. The differences in the structural orientation are responsible
for the dissimilarities in potency, mechanism of action, metabolism,
dosage, and half-life.
Racetams modulate the level of acetylcholine in the brain. The
neurotransmitter accounts for most of the cognitive functions, including
attentiveness, logical thinking, focus, concentration, and memory
formation.
History
Racetam is the forerunner of all the other nootropics. However, its
existence was coincidental.Dr. Corneliu Giurgea and his co-researchers
were designing a molecule that could reverse abnormal sleep pattern and
motion sickness.
However, by a twist of fate, these scientists discovered that the
compound could also enhance focus and heighten the mental state of the
user. Taking advantage of this side effect, Dr. Corneliu Giurgea and his
team set out to investigate the role of racetams in cognition and brain
functionalities.
Upon the successful discovery, piracetam became the godfather of the
racetam family. This invention occurred in 1964. Subsequently,
researchers saw the need to improve this generic smart drug and came up
with superior versions, including Oxiracetam nootropics.
Oxiracetam is one of the compounds found in the Racetam family, and is
one of the most well-established Nootropic compounds available.
Oxiracetam has shown the ability to benefit learning ability, retention
of memory, sociability, and also offers neuroprotective and
neuroregenerative benefits to those suffering from dementia 1.
Oxiracetam is a synthetic Nootropic that is not found naturally in
nature or food and is water soluble. A typical Oxiracetam dosage ranges
from 300-750mg, although there are many accounts of those taking doses
greater than 1g without unpleasant side effects.
oxiracetam
Benefits of Oxiracetam
Oxiracetam is thought to act on the acetylcholine and cholinergic
pathways of the brain. This provides a stimulating effect that isn’t
typically mood-affective like other racetams like Aniracetam. Oxiracetam
is currently considered a non-food, unapproved drug by the FDA and
therefore exists in a bit of a regulatory grey area. Oxiracetam has been
widely investigated for its application in the reduction of
dementia-related symptoms, as well as its ability to offer
neuroprotective action. Results vary, but Oxiracetam is generally
regarded as being able to offer much benefit to those suffering with
dementia, and typically over the age of 65. Clinical data regarding
Oxiracetam usage in humans is lacking to make any broad-sweeping claims
as to the benefit of this compound, but several animal studies have
shown highly–beneficial neuroregenerative action and neuroprotective
action seen with the administration of Oxiracetam 2.
Oxiracetam is regarded as offering the ability to greatly enhance the logical, decision–making capacity of the mind
Anecdotal evidence, much of which is taken from online accounts of
individual user experiences, illustrates a very exciting range of
potential benefits offered by Oxiracetam. Oxiracetam is regarded as
offering the ability to greatly enhance the logical, decision–making
capacity of the mind and many users describe a more ‘level-headed’
approach in decision making. Oxiracetam is regarded as being a
memory-enhancing compound, especially with regards to long-term memory
formation and the absorption of new information. Oxiracteam is also
known to increase attention span, improve the speed at which one is able
to process information, and generally improve the overall learning
ability of the user. For these reasons, Oxiracetam is often preferred by
many academic users in place of more extreme alternatives such as
Adderal, Vyvanse, and Ritalin.
Oxiracetam vs Aniracetam
Oxiracetam and Aniracetam are both known to exhibit stronger overall
effects than Piracetam, and are generally regarded as both being among
the most popular of all Racetam Nootropics. Oxiracetam is known to be
more stimulating than Aniracetam, and also less-affective towards mood
and emotions. Oxiracetam is generally taken by people who have issues
responding to Piracetam, or simply want more pronounced effects. The
experience of Oxiracetam is often summarized as a generalized
stimulation of mental energy, and is interpreted by many as having a
slightly anxious ‘edge’ in some cases. Aniracetam is a fat-soluble
compound and must be taken with fats, or with a meal, to be properly
absorbed by the body. Oxiracetam is water soluble and can easily be
administered between meals and is easily mixable in a glass of water.
Higher consumption of tomatoes could be associated with a decreased risk
of liver cancer caused by high-fat diets, a study has found.The study,
conducted on mice, showed that tomatoes are rich in lycopene -- a strong
antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer agent -- which helps in
effectively reducing fatty liver disease, inflammation and liver cancer
development.
Lycopene powder
"Consuming whole foods like tomatoes and processed tomatoes from sauces,
tomato paste, canned whole tomato products, ketchup and juice, provides
the best source of lycopene," said Xiang-Dong Wang, Professor at Tufts
University in the US.
Interestingly, we observed that tomato powder is more effective than the
same dose of purified lycopene supplementation to prevent liver cancer
development, said Wang.This could be due to the potential beneficial
effects of other nutrients in a whole tomato, such as vitamin E, vitamin
C, folate, minerals, phenolic compounds and dietary fibres.
In addition, feeding mice tomato powder increased the richness and
diversity of beneficial microbiota and prevented the over-growth of some
bacteria related to inflammation, said the study, published in the
journal Cancer Prevention Research.
For the study, infant mice were infected with a liver carcinogen and
then fed an unhealthy high-fat diet similar to a Western diet, with or
without tomato powder containing lycopene.Other foods including guava,
watermelon, grapefruit, papaya, and sweet red pepper also contain
lycopene, but in much lower concentrations compared to tomatoes.
Eating tomatoes and tomato products such as tomato sauce rich in
lycopene is also associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease,
osteoporosis, diabetes, and certain cancers, including prostate, lung,
breast and colon cancer, the study showed.
